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Piotroski score, developed by Stanford professor Joseph Piotroski. It helps investor, particularly those who have mindset of value investing. score 8-9 indicates strong financial health & low risk failure.

Piotroski is basically calculated based on 3 parameters:

Profitability (4 points)

•   Positive ROA and ROA improvement

•   Net income must be positive

•   Positive operating cash flow

•   Operating cash flow must be higher from net income

Leverage, Liquidity & source of funds (3 points)

•   Low leverage company & long-term debt must decrease from the previous year

•   Company must have higher liquidity to manage short-term debt

•   No new shares were issued during last year

Operating efficiency (2 points)

•   Gross margin must improve, which indicates better cost control.

•   Increased asset turnover ratio, indicates efficient asset usage to generate revenue.

Interpretation of score:

•   7-9 indicates strong financial position, considered high value and safe investment.

•   5-6 stable financial health.

•   0-3 weak financial position and high risk considered.

Investing is the process of putting your money to work to build wealth over time. Before diving in, it's essential to understand core principles like risk tolerance, return expectations, and compounding. A strong foundation helps you make informed choices tailored to your goals.

Start with defining your financial objectives, whether it's retirement, wealth creation, or a future purchase. Learn about asset classes—equity, debt, real estate, and gold—and how they perform in different market cycles. A balanced portfolio ensures your money grows with managed risk.